26/03/2007
【sun專案組報道】一名在公立醫院任職近二十年的臨床腫瘤科高級醫生，涉嫌在未經院方同意下，竊取二千多名病人的資料，並致函通知病人他自立門戶出外開設診所公然「拉生意」。伊利沙伯醫院接獲投訴後，承諾會秉公辦理，並調查是否有人不適當取用病人資料，不排除轉交醫管局人力資源部及個人資料私隱專員公署處理。個別病人對事件表示擔憂，批評院方對病人的私隱竟毫無保障。
伊利沙伯醫院臨床腫瘤科高級醫生陳德明即將結束與醫管局的賓主關係，自立門戶出外執業。但曾在伊院臨床腫瘤科求診的病人，最近已相繼接獲一封由陳德明發出的私人函件。他在信中表明自己從事臨床腫瘤科研究多年，一直希望有機會締造一個更適合病人的環境，讓他全身投入及付出充分時間為病友服務；另一方面他也能發揮個人專業所長，解答病人疑問。函中又特別指出，「為了實現這個想法，本人決定由今年三月三日開始，於九龍××××私人執業。」隨信並附上診所卡片，「歡迎各朋友撥冗蒞臨指」。
病人向伊院投訴
該信發出後不久，多名病人向伊利沙伯醫院投訴，部分病人聲稱，過去在伊院覆診時，僅曾一次由陳德明睇症，但在陳德明離開醫管局後就掌握了病人的住宅地址，質疑院方對私隱的監察機制。
醫管局的《員工行為守則》訂明，公立醫院醫生不能向病人作個人宣傳。同時，根據個人資料（私隱）條例，醫管局或公立醫院收集病人個人資料只可作為與臨床治療有關的用途。
事件立即引起伊利沙伯醫院關注，本報直接向陳德明醫生查詢，他直認是自己過失，尤其得悉有病人向院方投訴後，他為此感到很歉意。他說：「我原意是想寄畀有需要的病人，讓他們可以有多一個選擇，並不是想宣傳自己，三月頭伊院的院長收到病人投訴後約過我傾過呢件事，我先醒悟到自己行為並不恰當，本來曾商議過，再寄多一封信去向病人道歉，但又怕畀人感覺我好滋擾，最終都無寄到。」
或面臨紀律聆訊
陳德明承認，他是在離職前用筆抄下病人的地址，「我腫瘤科病人個案要跟進好長時間，我只想話畀佢知我要走喇。而以前都見過一前輩用呢種方法去通知佢病人，所以我一時間無意識到會令個別病人感覺唔舒服。其實都有病人打電話恭喜我開診所。」
伊利沙伯醫院發言人表示，院方對事件十分關注，定當秉公辦理，現正就事件深入了解，調查是否有人在未得到允許的情況下取得及使用資料、有否侵犯病人私隱藉此作個人宣傳，待結果完成後，視乎需要考慮將事件轉交有關機構及人力資源部跟進。
院方已就此初步告誡有關員工，並向投訴病人致歉。據知，若指控成立，醫管局將召開紀律聆訊，由紀律委員會釐定罰則，若案件證實違反私隱條例，亦會轉交私隱專員公署處理。
2009-09-19【本報wunwuiPao訊】伊利沙伯醫院臨床腫瘤科前高級醫生陳德明，在2007年1月離職前，擅取近2千名醫院病人的個人資料，更致函通知病人自己已轉為私人執業。裁判官認為被告違反誠信，就第一項控罪「在公職中行為失當」判以罰款5萬元。被告有關不誠實地取用醫院的門診預約系統罪行則不成立。
裁判官唐慕賢在判刑時表示，醫生從公營醫院轉至私營機構工作很常見，但醫院管理局高級經理向員工派發的行為守則冊子中，對將轉移工作環境的醫生指示不夠直接及清晰。唐官不明白控方為何沒有傳召醫院管理局更高級的經理作出解釋，他只能透過第3證人，即醫管局高級人力資源經理黃志華才知道有關訊息。另外，他亦讚揚被告多年來在公營醫院工作的付出，但相信此案會令被告面對醫務委員會的紀律聆訊。
首項公職行為失當罪成
裁判官認為被告所寄發給病人的信件，尤其是寫及最後一句「歡迎各朋友撥冗蒞臨指教」，明顯是想招徠病人到其新的診所求診。被告沒有主動向任何人就其任意拿取病人資料的行動索取意見，此舉亦只是為了方便自己，違反其僱主及病人對他的誠信。被告行為的嚴重性完全足夠證明「在公職中行為失當」的控罪，所以最後裁決被告的第一項控罪罪成。
根據現時的行為守則冊子第6頁簡單提及，員工有責任保護醫院管理局及病人的資料和紀錄，避免它們被不正當使用；在任何情況下，員工也不能使用該資料或紀錄作私人利益。
上司撰信讚揚盡忠職守
辯方律師在求情時指，被告育有兩名年幼女兒，月薪15萬元，被告獲不少人撰寫求情信，當中包括同事、病人及主管等，均讚揚被告盡忠職守、值得信賴，與同事及下屬的關係和睦，病人對他亦很信任，希望法庭能考慮被告將來的職業生涯，作出輕判。
醫管局回應再次重申，該局設有既定程序及員工守則，更會不時提醒員工須嚴格遵守守則。另對於保障病人資料和私隱方面，局方亦有指引限制醫護人員只可以在實際工作需要下查閱或讀取病人的個人資料。至於守則是否足夠清晰一事則沒有作出正面回應。
案件編號： KCCC1234/09
2010年12月06日
FACC No.
5 of 2010
IN THE
COURT OF FINAL APPEAL OF THE
HONG
KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION
FINAL
APPEAL NO. 5 OF 2010 (CRIMINAL)
(ON
APPEAL FROM HCMA NO. 851 OF 2009)
_____________________
Between:
CHAN
TAK MING Appellant
-
and -
HONG
KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION
Respondent
_____________________
Court : Mr Justice Bokhary PJ, Mr Justice Chan PJ,
Mr
Justice Ribeiro PJ, Mr Justice Litton NPJ and
Sir
Anthony Mason NPJ
Date of
Hearing : 24 November 2010
Date of
Judgment : 6 December 2010
________________________
J U D G
M E N T
________________________
Mr
Justice Bokhary PJ :
Four
certified questions of law
1. This appeal against a conviction for
misconduct in public office comes to the Court on the following four questions
of law. First, where a charge of
misconduct in public office is pleaded on the basis of official data being
abstracted for private use, is it permissible to find the necessary seriousness
upon, or at least partly upon, the private use to which such data was actually
put, such use not being specified in the charge? Secondly, to what (if any)
extent is a significant personal benefit to the defendant a part of the element
of seriousness in the definition of the offence of misconduct in public
office? Thirdly, is anything which is
not trivial to be regarded as serious for the purposes of that definition? Fourthly and finally, is it appropriate in
circumstances like these for the intermediate appellate court to apply a test
of recklessness when the trial had proceeded on the issue of intention?
2. The Appeal Committee certified the points of
law raised by those questions and granted the appellant Dr Chan Tak Ming leave
to appeal on those points. As the Appeal
Committee observed, whether or not the conviction is to be affirmed even if
those questions, or some of them, are answered in Dr Chan’s favour could not be
decided then at the leave stage and has to be decided now at the appeal stage.
Misconduct
in public office : its elements
3. Misconduct in public office is an offence
contrary to common law and punishable under s.101I of the Criminal Procedure
Ordinance, Cap.221. Its elements are as
stated by Sir Anthony Mason NPJ in Shum Kwok Sher v. HKSAR (2002) 5 HKCFAR 381
at p.409C and re-formulated by him in Sin Kam Wah v. HKSAR (2005) 8 HKCFAR 192
at pp 210I-211A. Under that re‑formulation, the offence of misconduct in public office is committed
where :
(1) a public official;
(2) in the course of or in relation to his public
office;
(3) wilfully misconducts himself by act or
omission (for example, by wilfully neglecting or failing to perform his duty);
(4) without reasonable excuse or justification;
and where
(5) such misconduct is serious, not trivial,
having regard to the responsibilities of the office and the office-holder, the
importance of the public objects which they serve and the nature and extent of
the departure from those responsibilities.
Immediately
after laying down that re-formulation, Sir Anthony explained (at p.211B in
Sin’s case) that :
“The misconduct must be deliberate
rather than accidental in the sense that the official either knew that his
conduct was unlawful or wilfully disregarded the risk that his conduct was
unlawful. Wilful misconduct which is without reasonable excuse or justification
is culpable.”
That is
the law, and nothing should be introduced to confuse it. Thus I would expressly
reject, for example, the notion, which appears to have found some support in
the courts below, that what would not otherwise be a departure from official
responsibilities would be rendered such a departure simply by personal motives.
Background
4. Shortly stated, the background to the present
case is as follows. Dr Chan is a
registered medical practitioner who is now in his late forties and of previous
good character. He started working at
the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in 1989.
From April 1995 until his resignation in January 2007, his post was that
of a senior medical officer in one of the four teams, each led by a consultant,
in the Department of Clinical Oncology at that hospital. As such, he was in the employ of the Hospital
Authority and was a public official within the purview of the offence of
misconduct in public office. He tendered
his resignation on 2 January 2007, doing so in order to enter private practice.
His terminal leave commenced on 3 March 2007.
And he commenced private practice on the same day. That is the background. One can now turn to the charge, the
conviction at trial and the affirming of the conviction on intermediate appeal.
Charge
5. The charge of misconduct in public office
laid against Dr Chan is based on what he did while still in his post of senior
medical officer and therefore a public official. Its particulars are that
“… sometime between the 1st day of
January 2007, and early February 2007 in Hong Kong, [Dr Chan], being a public
official namely a senior medical officer of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, in the
course of or in relation to [his] public office, without reasonable excuse or
justification, wilfully misconducted [himself] by obtaining for [his] personal
use patients’ personal particulars from documents and/or data-handling systems
of the said hospital or the Hospital Authority.”
6. Laid in the alternative to that charge of
misconduct in public office was a charge of obtaining access to a computer with
a view to dishonest gain for oneself or another, contrary to s.161(1)(c) of the
Crimes Ordinance, Cap.200, the particulars of this alternative charge being
that
“… sometime between mid-January,
2007, and early February, 2007, in Hong Kong, [Dr Chan] obtained access to a
computer, namely a computer of the Hospital Authority, with a view to dishonest
gain for [himself] or another.”
Conviction
entered at trial and affirmed an appeal
7. Dr Chan’s trial took place before D.I.
Thomas, Esq. in the Magistrate’s Court from 13 to 16 July 2009. On 18 September 2009 the magistrate convicted
him of misconduct in public office and fined him $50,000. The magistrate ordered that the alternative
charge (of obtaining access to a computer with a view to dishonest gain for
oneself or another) lie on the file. He
went on to say that if he was wrong in convicting Dr Chan of misconduct in
public office, he would have found him not guilty of obtaining access to a
computer with a view to dishonest gain for oneself or another and acquitted him
on the alternative charge.
8. Initially Dr Chan’s appeal to the High Court
(by which appeals from the Magistrate’s Court are heard unless referred to the
Court of Appeal) was against conviction and sentence. But at the outset of the hearing of that
appeal, which came on before Lunn J on 25 February 2010, Dr Chan abandoned his
appeal in so far as it was against sentence and pursued it only in so far as it
was against conviction. On 12 March 2010
the appeal judge affirmed Dr Chan’s conviction for misconduct in public office.
Criminal
pleadings
9. The law’s vocabulary includes the expression
“pleading point”. As used when roundly
rejecting merely technical and wholly unmeritorious objections taken on the
pleadings, the expression may be a convenient one. But it has an unfortunate tendency to create
the false impression that pleadings do not matter. In truth, pleadings fulfil an important role
in the judicial administration of justice, both in civil and in criminal
law. Due regard to proper procedure
makes a significant contribution to the attainment of safe verdicts.
10. With those observations as the backdrop, a
word should now be said on the purpose that particulars of offence are meant to
serve. It is to be expected that at
least to a material extent if not essentially or even entirely, how the defence
to a criminal charge is conducted will depend on the way in which the charge is
particularised. A proper standard of
criminal pleading is fundamental to the dictates of a fair trial. Criminal charges are to be formulated
concisely, accurately and informatively.
Thus formulated, they are to be delivered in time for the defence to
give them mature rather than rushed consideration. The defence must have adequate notice of the
case to be met. As to the particulars of
offence to be pleaded in an indictment, the general rule is laid down in rule
3(1) of the Indictment Rules. It is that
there should be pleaded “such particulars as may be necessary for giving
reasonable information as to the nature of the charge”.
11. That goes to a fair trial, for which purpose
information as to the case to be met would hardly be reasonable if it were not
given in reasonable time. As Lord
Widgery CJ stressed (at p.1375B-C) when giving the judgment of the Divisional
Court in R v. Thames Magistrates’ Court, ex parte Polemis [1974] 1 WLR 1371, an
accused person must be given “an opportunity of getting his tackle in
order”. The inter‑relationship between the giving of reasonable particulars in good time
and a fair trial is well-illustrated by the decision of the European Court of
Human Rights in Pelissier and Sassi v. France (2000) 30 EHRR 715. That case concerns three rights under art.6
of the European Convention on Human Rights.
They are : (i) an accused person’s right under art.6(1) to a fair trial;
(ii) his right under art.6(3)(a) to be informed of the nature and cause of the
accusation against him; and (iii) his right under art.6(3)(b) to have adequate
time and the facilities for the preparation of his defence. At p.729 the European Court of Human Rights pointed
out that particulars of the offence play a crucial role in the criminal process
and that the scope of art.6(3)(a) and (b) were to be assessed in the light of
the more general right to a fair hearing guaranteed by art.6(1).
12. There is no inconsistency between that
thinking and ours. In Hong Kong the
right to a fair trial is an essential principle of the judicial system. It is guaranteed by two provisions of our
constitution the Basic law. They are :
(i) art.39 which entrenches art.10 of the Bill of Rights (where there is an
express reference to the right to a fair hearing); and (ii) art.87 which
preserves the principles previously applied in proceedings and the rights
previously enjoyed by parties to proceedings.
The right to a fair trial naturally includes reasonable particulars
given in good time.
13. Since one of the inherent requirements of a
fair trial is the giving of reasonable information as to the nature of the
charge, the substance of the requirement referred to in rule 3(1) of the
Indictment Rules applies to charges in the Magistrate’s Court and the District
Court as well as to counts in the High Court.
14. This appeal is not about a mere lack of
detail in how a charge is worded. It
goes to substance. Did the particulars
of offence in this charge of misconduct in public office give reasonable, or
even any, information as to the nature of the misconduct in public office of
which Dr Chan was actually convicted? This brings us to the rival stances
adopted by the parties on the first certified question of law.
First
certified question (obtaining/use)
15. That question – repeated here for ease of
reference – is : where a charge of misconduct in public office is pleaded on
the basis of official data being abstracted for private use, is it permissible
to find the necessary seriousness upon, or at least partly upon, the private
use to which such data was actually put, such use not being specified in the
charge? Quite simply, Dr Chan’s point under
this question is that such a course is impermissible but was followed in the
courts below. Responding, the
prosecution submits that this point of Dr Chan’s is misconceived. Why is it said to be misconceived? Because, the prosecution submits, it is
pleaded in this charge of misconduct in public office that the data in question
had been obtained for Dr Chan’s personal use and, the prosecution’s submission
continues, the evidence of the identical letters sent by Dr Chan to the
patients whose personal particulars had been obtained is admissible to prove
the nature of such personal use.
16. So the prosecution puts forward a line of
reasoning on which, if it be correct, the evidence as to the use to which the
obtained data was put would be relevant and unobjectionable even on a charge of
misconduct in public office particularised like this one. The prosecution’s reliance on this line of
reasoning does two things. First, it
shows that they do not suggest that the case was fought out as if the
misconduct charged was the use to which the obtained data was put. Secondly, it
may explain why Mr Andrew Macrae SC (now Macrae J) who represented Dr Chan in
the courts below did not object to the reception of the evidence as to
use. But did the basis on which the magistrate
convicted and the appeal judge affirmed the conviction go beyond that line of
reasoning?
17. As we have seen, the conduct particularised
as misconduct on Dr Chan’s part is that of “obtaining for [his] personal use
patients’ personal particulars from documents and/or data-handling systems of
the said hospital or the Hospital Authority.”
That reference to the obtaining of patients’ personal particulars from
the Queen Elizabeth Hospital or the Hospital Authority’s documents and/or
data-handling systems was accompanied by a reference in the alternative charge
to accessing the Hospital Authority’s computer.
Nothing is said in either charge about the use to which any obtained or
accessed data was put. Nevertheless the
magistrate dealt at length with the use to which the obtained data was put. In his Statement of Findings he set out the
body of the identical letters which Dr Chan sent to the patients whose personal
particulars he had obtained :
“Hello Everyone, I am CHAN
Tak-ming, senior clinical oncology medical officer of Queen Elizabeth Hospital.
Time flies, and I have already worked with the Queen Elizabeth Hospital for
eighteen years, responsible for clinical cases, medical case studies,
supervision and training of medical officers in the department. Dedicating my
years of clinical experience accrued and giving the patients appropriate
treatment to restore their good health is the aim I have been persisting with
throughout these years. In this long service of mine, what impressed me most,
which is also the most valuable thing to me, is seeing the patients getting a
new lease of life and maintaining a very good quality of it. Therefore I really
hope to have a chance to create an environment more suitable for patients,
which, on one hand, would make it possible for me to make full devotion of my
time and to adequately serve each patient, and, on the other hand, to utilize
my professional expertise to answer patients’ questions, acquainting them with
their conditions and freeing them from worries, and to provide direct and
effective diagnosis, with the latest medications and advanced medical
technology, improving the overall effectiveness of treatment, providing to the
patients integrated service of good quality, which is well-suited to medical
and financial conditions. To realise this idea, I have decided to start a
private practice beginning from 3rd March this year at rooms 1303-05, 13/F,
Oterprise Square, number 26 Nathan Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon. I now write to
inform you and request the honour of your presence.”
18. Defence counsel submitted to the magistrate
that Dr Chan’s conduct, though it may deserve to be condemned in disciplinary
proceedings, was nowhere near serious enough to amount to the criminal offence
of misconduct in public office. The
magistrate, having said that Dr Chan would have to be acquitted if that
submission were correct, proceeded to reject the submission, saying this :
“ In my judgment, [defence
counsel] was not correct in this submission. The patients of team C of the
Clinical Oncology Department of Queen Elizabeth Hospital gave their personal
data to the hospital for the purposes of their care and treatment in that
department in that hospital. They had every reason to expect that every data
user would safeguard their personal data and not use them for the personal
purposes of any data user. [Dr Chan] was well aware of the status of the
personal data in question and, initially, tried to restrict his appropriation
of such data to those with whom he thought he had a special relationship. In
the end, however, because of the constraints of time, he simply appropriated
the addresses of all the remaining patients of his team whether or not he had
had any personal dealings with them.
[Dr
Chan] was cavalier in the extreme in his use of the personal data of the
patients in question. In my judgment this was a breach of trust that his
employers and his patients placed in him that he would use the personal data to
which he had access and with which he was entrusted for purposes connected with
the care and treatment of the patients of his team. Instead, he simply helped
himself to the personal data of his patients for his own personal purposes.
[Dr
Chan] took no advice or counsel as to his proposed actions. He ignored what I consider to be clear
guidelines from his professional body on the advertisement of the commencement
of his new practice. He decided that he
was entitled to help himself to the personal data of patients that they had entrusted
to the hospital when he felt that it was the most convenient way of advancing
his personal ends.”
19. As to seriousness, one sees from those
paragraphs of his Statement of Findings that the magistrate condemned Dr Chan’s
use of the obtained data as cavalier in the extreme and a breach of the trust
which his employers and patients had placed in him.
20. In affirming the magistrate’s finding of the
necessary seriousness, the appeal judge relied heavily if not exclusively on Dr
Chan’s identical letters to the patients.
This is how the appeal judge expressed his conclusion on the issue of
seriousness :
“In my judgment it was obvious to
[Dr Chan], an educated and mature man, that the recipients of the letters would
realise that the information as to their names and addresses had been obtained
from their medical records with the Hospital Authority for the purpose of
directing a letter that was in large measure commercial touting by [Dr Chan],
in breach of their rights of data protection, and that fact alone would cause
disquiet and even outrage in patients. Also, in asserting that he was offering
services that included more effective treatment it was obvious to [Dr Chan]
that was likely to cause real anxiety and even distress amongst patients as to
the quality of the treatment they had received thus far and would continue to
receive for those unable to avail themselves of private medical treatment. In
so conducting himself in respect of his patients, [Dr Chan] was both abusing
their trust and exploiting their lack of knowledge. In a doctor, that is not
‘trivial’ misconduct, rather it is serious misconduct.”
21. As to the letters which he sent to the
patients, only one thing was put to Dr Chan in cross-examination. It is that he had sent those letters with a
view to securing business.
22. But this much is plain. The courts below did not treat the sending of
the letters to the patients whose personal particulars had been obtained merely
as evidence to prove the nature of the use for which such particulars had been
obtained. Nor did they find the
necessary seriousness solely or even mainly on the basis of the obtaining of
the data in question (which obtaining was pleaded). They found the necessary seriousness mainly
if not solely on the use to which the obtained data had been put (which use was
not pleaded). That focus on use lies
outside what the prosecution puts forward as a line of reasoning on which, if
it be correct, evidence as to the use to which the obtained data was put would
be relevant and unobjectionable.
23. What is to be achieved by how an indictment
is drawn (or exemplified where specimen charges are used)? That is dealt with by the English Court of
Appeal at p.8 of the transcript in R v. Evans [1995] Crim LR 245 and in R v.
Rackham [1997] 2 Cr App R 222 at
p.227C-D. It is to enable the accused
person to “know with as much particularity as the circumstances of the case
will admit what is the case that he must meet” so that he can “marshall his mind
on more important evidence to counter those allegations”. Moreover in criminal cases as well as in
civil cases, pleadings are not meant merely to inform the party to whom they
are delivered. They are also meant to
limit the party who delivers them. And
they do so, unless and until duly amended.
In R v. Landy (1981) 72 Cr App R 237 (which was cited with approval by
the Court of Appeal in R v. Chan Kang To [1997] HKLRD 412 at p.416A-B) the
English Court of Appeal said (at p.244) that particulars of offence are meant
“first, to enable the defendants
and the trial judge to know precisely and on the face of the indictment itself
the nature of the prosecution’s case, and secondly to stop the prosecution
shifting their ground during the course of the case without the leave of the
trial judge and the making of an amendment.”
24. The first certified question of law should be
answered thus. The charge concerned is
of misconduct in public office. It is
pleaded on the basis of official data being abstracted for private use. The private use to which such data was
actually put is not specified in the charge.
On a charge so worded, it is in general at least problematical to find
the necessary seriousness upon, or to any material extent upon, the private use
to which such data was actually put.
25. But that answer to the first certified
question of law does not mean that the conviction for misconduct in public
office is wrong. All that it means is
that the approach adopted by each of the courts below must be discarded. As to what is left, the position is as
follows. Official data had been obtained
by Dr Chan for private use. He did that
while in a public office of considerable responsibility, namely that of a
public doctor serving in a public hospital.
The official data which he obtained consisted of the personal
particulars of persons who were patients at that public hospital and were
entitled to have their privacy respected.
And the private purpose for which he obtained that confidential official
data was to advertise to those patients the private practice which he was about
to establish upon leaving public service.
The foregoing indisputable facts constitute a pleaded and plainly
sufficient basis on which to find the necessary seriousness.
Second
question (personal benefit)
26. I turn now to the second certified question
of law. As to this question, it is to be
noted that the Sin Kam Wah re-formulation makes no mention of personal benefit
to the defendant. And that is for a very
good reason. Misconduct in public office
may be committed for personal benefit to the defendant or for motives other
than that one. It may be committed, for
example, to benefit others or to harm others.
Indeed, it may be committed for no discernible or provable motive. That is how the second certified question of
law should be answered.
Third
question (serious/trivial)
27. Turning to the third certified question of
law, it should be answered thus. As the fifth item of the Sin Kam Wah
re-formulation underlines, trivial misconduct will of course not support a charge
of misconduct in public office. That said, the question is whether the offence
is serious having regard to – as stated in that item – the responsibilities of
the office and the office-holder, the importance of the public objects which
they serve and the extent of the departure from those responsibilities. It is in that way – and not by saying that it
must be sufficiently serious since it is not trivial – that one goes about
deciding whether the necessary seriousness exists.
Fourth
question (intention/recklessness) answered
28. What remains is the fourth and final
certified question of law. Neither at
trial nor on intermediate appeal did either party refer to recklessness. Nor
did the magistrate refer to recklessness.
And recklessness was not argued on intermediate appeal. But when he came to give judgment, the appeal
judge said this :
“ Whilst I am not satisfied to the
requisite standard that [Dr Chan] knew that he was not permitted to access and
use that personal data for the personal purposes to which he deployed that
data, I am sure that he was reckless as to that. In particular, I am sure that
[Dr Chan] was aware that there was a risk that he was not permitted to access
and use the data for the personal purposes he proposed to deploy that
information and that in the circumstances known to him it was unreasonable to
take that risk. Like the magistrate, I find it significant that, although [Dr
Chan] had been employed by the Hospital Authority for many years at Queen Elizabeth
Hospital, he took no steps whatsoever to take advice or counsel as to his
proposed course of action. Furthermore, it is significant that [Dr Chan]
initially restricted his use of the data to those patients with whom he
asserted he could describe as enjoying a special relationship. Subsequently,
that limitation was abandoned in favour of wholesale dissemination to all the
patients of Team C.
I
endorse the finding of the magistrate that [Dr Chan] had accessed and used that
data for his own personal ends. Clearly, he did so wilfully and intentionally.
Whilst I accept that [Dr Chan] had mixed motives for his conduct I am sure that
the substantial motive for conducting himself as he did was a desire to enhance
the potential for commercial success in his prospective private practice. In
the result, I am sure that he exercised his power directly and indirectly to
access and then use the personal data of patients in order to confer a benefit
upon himself and that in all the circumstances he did so “dishonestly or
corruptly”.
29. The Sin Kam Wah re-formulation does not
employ the word “recklessness”. But it will be remembered that immediately
after setting out that re-formulation, Sir Anthony Mason NPJ said that the
conduct must be deliberate rather than accidental in the sense that the
official “either knew that his conduct was unlawful or wilfully disregarded the
risk that his conduct was unlawful”. On
a fair reading of what the appeal judge said, his reference to recklessness
must be taken to mean wilful disregard of risk as spoken of by Sir
Anthony. The appeal judge’s introduction
of recklessness was, while inappropriate, harmless. It was harmless for this reason. The magistrate noted in his Statement of
Findings that defence counsel “did not take serious issue … that [Dr Chan]
wilfully and intentionally culpably misconducted himself” and that the defence
was, quite simply, that the misconduct was not sufficiently serious. So seriousness was the only issue, and nothing
turns on the fourth point.
30. Nevertheless, the fourth certified question
of law should be answered. It having been raised, not answering it might leave
the position in doubt. The answer is as
follows. Suppose a person is convicted
at trial of an offence on one basis. And
suppose that it occurs to an appellate court that the appropriate course may be
to affirm the conviction on another basis.
If so, the appellate court should inform the parties that it is
contemplating such a course, and give them an opportunity to be heard on that
course. The rules of natural justice so
require.
Conclusion
31. In the result and for the foregoing reasons,
I would dismiss this appeal.
Mr
Justice Chan PJ :
32. I agree with the judgment of Mr Justice
Bokhary PJ.
Mr
Justice Ribeiro PJ :
33. I agree with the judgment of Mr Justice
Bokhary PJ.
Mr
Justice Litton NPJ :
34. I agree with the judgment of Mr Justice
Bokhary PJ.
Sir
Anthony Mason NPJ :
35. I agree with the judgment of Mr Justice
Bokhary PJ.
Mr
Justice Bokhary PJ :
36. The Court unanimously dismisses the
appeal. We thank counsel on both sides
for their assistance. Dr Chan may take
some comfort in the fact that the basis on which his conviction now rests is
less of a reflection on him than the bases on which it was entered at trial and
affirmed on intermediate appeal. What now lies within his own power is to so
conduct himself in a noble profession as to live down this unhappy episode.
(Kemal
Bokhary)
Permanent
Judge (Patrick Chan)
Permanent
Judge (RAV Ribeiro)
Permanent
Judge
(Henry
Litton)
Non-Permanent
Judge (Anthony Mason)
Non-Permanent
Judge
Mr
Gerard McCoy SC and Mr Daniel Hui (instructed by Messrs Richards Butler) for
the appellant
Mr
Robert S K Lee SC and Ms Peggy Leung (of the Department of Justice) for the
respondent
2014年03月12日伊利沙伯醫院臨床腫瘤科前高級醫生陳德明，於2009年因離職時擅取2,000名病人資料，用來宣傳私人執業，被控公職人員行為失當罪成。他其後沒有依照規定，在判決後28日內向醫務委員會匯報有關刑事罪狀，有違專業操守，今早在醫務委員會舉行聆訊，結果被裁定罪成。醫委會判陳德明從醫生名冊除名一個月，緩刑12個月，亦會對他發出警告信。
辯方律師抗辯時稱，陳德明當時有諮詢律師意見，其律師指因會再提上訴，故可暫緩向醫委會匯報該刑事罪狀，因此錯不在陳德明。辯方又出示多封由被告上司、同事及病人所撰寫的求情信。控方反駁，陳德明向醫委會匯報事件的責任在他本人身上，不論他委託何人處理法律事務，都應主動履行責任作出匯報，並指摘陳德明不應諉過於人。
